Types of organization of agriculture table. agricultural products
Since the 2000s, the agricultural industry in the Russian Federation has been one of the most successfully and actively developing sectors of the domestic economy. Contrary to the myths that are quite common in society, agriculture in Russia is not only extremely profitable and profitable, but is also able to almost fully ensure the country's food security. In addition, it allows exporting significant volumes of agricultural products abroad. What kind types of production in agriculture known today? What are they and how are they different? These and other equally interesting questions can be answered in the process of familiarization with the materials of this article.
General provisions
To begin with, it should be noted that the share of all types of agriculture in aggregate, in the GDP of the Russian Federation for 2009 was 4.7%. The volume of gross value added in the agricultural sector, forestry, and hunting as of that date amounted to 1.53 trillion rubles. It is important to add that the share of people employed in the area under consideration accounted for ten percent.
According to the results of 2015, all together determined the leading position in accordance with the growth of production, because it increased by 3.5%, which is certainly a positive trend. It is interesting to note that a similar situation became relevant in 2016.
It is necessary to know that the volume of imports of commercial food products to the Russian Federation during the period of the food embargo in 2014-2016. received a threefold reduction (from 60 to 20 billion dollars). It should be added that within ten years the country has increased the export share of the agricultural product six times (namely, from three billion dollars in 2005 to twenty billion dollars in 2015).
According to the results of the reporting year, the harvest of leguminous and grain crops amounted to 119.1 million tons. This figure is 13.7% higher than in 2015 (104.8 million tons). In 2016, the Russian Federation took the first position in terms of wheat exports (from 07/01/2015 to 06/30/2016, exports amounted to 24.025 million tons). In addition, in comparison with Soviet times, the quality of all has significantly improved, and its losses during storage, transportation and direct sale have also significantly decreased. Thus, even today the agricultural industry in Russia continues to develop dynamically.
Economic inefficiency? It is a myth!
It is important to know that an absolute myth is the assertion that due to rather cold climatic conditions in the Russian Federation it is simply impossible to form an effective agriculture. By the way, it would be expedient to take the absolute failure of the corresponding production in the 1990s as a basis for spreading such myths about the notorious inefficiency of various industries. Nevertheless, in the early 2000s, agricultural loans were organized in the agricultural sector, and absolute order was introduced in accordance with all aspects of activity. At the moment, Russian agriculture is one of the rapidly growing sectors of the economy.
crop production
Among the main agricultural activities a special place is occupied by crop production. It is important to note that Russia is a huge country that is located in different climatic zones. In its southern regions, the climate for the development of the agricultural industry is considered very favorable. In Sochi, tea is grown, in the North Caucasus, in the Crimea and even in Altai - grapes, where wine is also made. In the south such type of agriculture, like crop production, is considered an extremely profitable business. For example, the profitability of grain production in the Kuban is one hundred percent. Although a significant part of the territory of the southern part of the Russian Federation has a continental climate with hot summers and cold winters. Naturally, these circumstances somewhat interfere with high yields.
It is necessary to know that in the south of Siberia and in the European part of Russia the main part of the most fertile type of soil is concentrated - chernozem, where such kind of agriculture, like crop production, the lead is more than favorable. However, even where the soil is less fertile, it can be developed at least for growing fodder crops or grazing animals.
It is important to note that in terms of the area of land occupied by agriculture, Russia is practically in the first position in the world, and with a fairly low population density, the qualitative characteristics of the soil are somehow compensated by the quantitative ones. By the way, most of the land that has not been used in the agricultural sector is covered with forests. Timber processing, timber export, as well as the pulp and paper industry occupy a prominent position in the economy of the Russian Federation.
animal husbandry
In addition to crop production, livestock breeding is one of the elements of the Russian agricultural industry. In the northern part of the country, various types of agricultural enterprises. This fact can be confirmed by the experience of Canada, Sweden and Finland, whose agricultural industry usually operates under the same conditions as in the central, northern part of Russia.
It is important to note that the key to exceptional success is agricultural specialization of regional significance. If in the southern part of the country it is profitable to promote grain growing (corn and wheat), then in the northern part animal husbandry is developing better. In addition, in the second case, it is appropriate to plant heat-loving varieties of cultivated plants, including barley, rye, flax, oats and potatoes.
Modern technologies such types of agricultural industries, as poultry and livestock, allow to largely smooth out the impact on the production processes of the climatic factor - if only there was food for poultry and animals. It should be added that in the conditions of modern crop production, the yield is very seriously dependent on the availability of fertilizers of artificial origin. However, the Russian Federation is one of the largest producers of this product.
Exclusive agricultural products
The climatic conditions of the Russian Federation contribute to the promotion of a number of types of agricultural organizations exclusive character. Among them, it is important to highlight the collection of natural berries, mushrooms and herbs, as well as beekeeping. By the way, Russia is in the first position in the world in terms of the production of raspberries and currants. In addition, it is one of the largest producers of honey. Today, the Russian Federation is known all over the world due to the wide production of caviar (this also includes exports). The seas, lakes and rivers of the country (in particular, the Far East) contain significant stocks of fish. It should be added that in Russia there is also a unique fish, for example, the Baikal omul.
In the northern part of the Russian Federation, such a type of economic activity of agriculture, like reindeer herding. It's no secret that deer meat is a delicacy. Recently, certain efforts have been made on the part of the society in order to establish the regularity of its deliveries directly from the West Siberian reindeer herding farms. It is interesting to note that other Russian delicacies include the following items:
- Seafood: Murmansk scallop, Baltic sea urchins, Black Sea oyster, Magadan trumpeter, and ropilema jellyfish.
- Fish: anchovy (Black Sea anchovy), St. Petersburg karyushka, Arkhangelsk toothfish.
- Vegetable products: honeysuckle berries, fir cones, outer leaves of cabbage, birch bast, and fern.
- Mushrooms, for example, black Russian truffle.
- Meat: Tuvan yak meat, Yakut horse meat, Dagestan tur meat.
- Dairy products: moose milk, yak milk, deer milk.
Grain growing
In this chapter, it would be useful to consider type of agriculture in Russia, like grain farming. It is important to know that ten percent of all arable land in the world is located in the country. In addition, more than 4/5 of the immediate plowed area falls on the North Caucasus, Western Siberia, the Urals and the Central Volga region. The Russian Federation is in the first position in the world in terms of the production of oats, rye, buckwheat, barley, sunflower and sugar beets. As of 2013, it was in fourth place in the world (after the US, India and China) in terms of wheat harvest. It should be added that in 2016, in the Russian Federation, by the beginning of the first month of autumn, more than 66.8 tons of wheat were harvested (the total yield can be estimated at 71 million tons).
type of work in agriculture? In 2014, employees of the agricultural sector in the country harvested a record harvest of grain crops since 1990 - more than 110 million tons (before direct processing). It should be added that in 2015 in the Russian Federation, the gross harvest of leguminous and grain crops (in accordance with preliminary data) amounted to 104.3 million tons of grain after processing, subject to a yield, which is defined as 23.6 centners per hectare. It is important to note that wheat was harvested the most, namely 61.8 million tons.
According to the results of 2016, the harvest of leguminous and grain crops was equal to 119.1 million tons. You should be aware that the presented figure is 13.7% higher than in 2015 (104.8 million tons). By the way, for the first time in the history of development in the Russian Federation such type of agricultural sector, as grain growing, 73.3 million tons of wheat were harvested. This result is certainly positive and gives some hope for the future.
potato growing
Among the main types of agricultural products produced in Russia includes potatoes. It is important to know that its collection in 2015 was equal to 33.6 million tons. This figure is 15.9% higher than the average for the last five years. By the way, in 2014, representatives of the agricultural industry collected 31.5 million tons of the crop in question. In 2012, this indicator was on the line of 29.5 million tons.
From the statistics presented above, we can conclude that potato production has been growing quite productively in recent years. However, in comparison with the 2000s, crop yields remain not very high. For example, in 2006, employees of the agricultural sector collected 38.5 tons of potatoes. However, even with current indicators of the level of productivity, Russia has taken the third position in the world in terms of potato harvesting (after India and China). By the way, another potato power (Belarus) in 2012 collected 6.9 million tons of crops.
It is important to note that over the past ten years, overall, potato consumption in the Russian Federation has declined significantly. Why? The fact is that higher incomes of the population encourage them to purchase expensive products compared to potatoes.
Beet growing
in number main types of agriculture The Russian Federation also includes beet growing. It is important to note that in 2011 the country harvested about 46.2 million tons of beets. The Russian Federation managed to reach the first position in the world in accordance with this indicator. In 2015, employees of the agricultural industry harvested about 37.6 million tons of sugar beets. This amount is enough to produce more than five million tons of sugar.
What else can be said about the form of agricultural resources? As of 2013, beet growing in the Russian Federation made it possible to cover the country's demand for sugar by 75-80 percent (the rest is mostly sweeteners of alternative value, among which there are both natural and chemical, both Russian and imported).
It is important to note that according to the results of 2016, Russia took the first position in the world in terms of the production of such a crop as sugar beet. It overtook Germany, France and the USA in this indicator. In addition, in 2016 the Russian Federation produced one million tons more sugar than needed for export purposes.
vegetable growing
To main types of agriculture The Russian Federation would be appropriate to include vegetable growing. It is important to note that the production of greenhouse vegetables in the country in 2016 increased by eight percent (up to 691 thousand tons). During the annual period, about 160 hectares of winter greenhouses were put into operation. According to the results of last year, the current level of self-sufficiency in terms of vegetables was equal to 90%.
It is necessary to know that in 2015 the gross harvest of greenhouse vegetables in the country amounted to 470.9 thousand tons. In 2016, this figure was equal to 568.8 thousand tons (which is 29% higher than the same period last year). The total harvest in terms of vegetable crops for 2015 amounted to 16.1 million tons. And in 2014, the Russian Federation produced about 15.45 million tons of vegetables. It is important to know that the figures presented are the most significant in the history of the country.
It is interesting to note that success in the case under consideration became possible due to the construction of a large number of large-scale greenhouse complexes, which began to be practiced only recently. They are built both in the north and in the south of the country. By the way, often the presented facilities allow you to get the product all year round.
Additional types of agriculture
What types of agriculture known in Russia? To begin with, melon growing can be noted. By the way, the corresponding gross harvest in 2014, according to available estimates, exceeded 1.5 million tons. It should be added that up to seventy percent of the total crop falls on watermelons.
As for fruit growing, the most popular fruits grown in the Russian Federation are pears, apples, apricots (exclusively in relation to the southern regions) and plums. In addition, Russia is considered a berry power, which determines the effective development of berry growing. However, this is not at all surprising, because it was said above that there are a large number of forests on the territory of the country, which means that there are much more opportunities for picking berries and mushrooms. The country takes the first position in the production of raspberries and currants, and the sixth - in the production of strawberries. In addition, Russia is among the top three world leaders in terms of gooseberry and strawberry production.
In addition to the agricultural sectors presented above, it is necessary to pay attention to winemaking and viticulture, which applies mainly to the North Caucasus and Crimea, as well as to the Volgograd, Astrakhan and Saratov regions. It is important to note that such products as "Soviet champagne" and m Assandrov wines.
In Russia, tea growing is developing quite rapidly. It should be noted that the cultivation of tea in the country is concentrated mainly in the Krasnodar Territory. By the way, Russia is one of the most tea-drinking countries in the world. It ranks fourth after Turkey, China and India according to the consumption of the presented product. In addition, the Russian Federation is the largest importer of tea products in the world: more than 160 thousand tons of tea are imported annually.
It is impossible not to mention cotton growing, because it is closely connected with other rapidly developing branches of agriculture at the state level. In 2016, employees of the agricultural industry collected and sent for industrial processing the first crop of ultra-early cotton in the history of Russia. The experiment was carried out in the Volgograd region.
It is important to note that the presented variety of cotton is adapted to the climate conditions of the Lower Volga. Thus, with the successful implementation of the program, the Volgograd Region will be included among the world's northernmost cotton-growing points. One way or another, this factor will make it possible to rapidly promote import substitution in the textile industry.
In conclusion, it would be appropriate to present an industry that stands next to crop production, in accordance with its scale - this is animal husbandry. Much can be said on this topic. It is important to note that the main case is divided into several subgroups, among which the following points should be mentioned:
- Beef cattle breeding (which is more developed than other presented elements of the livestock breeding system).
- Pig breeding.
- Poultry farming.
- Dairy farming.
- Animal husbandry of meat and wool value.
- Reindeer husbandry (which occupies the smallest share in the system under consideration).
It should be noted that all the sectors represented occupy approximately the same shares in the livestock breeding system and play an important role in the development of the Russian economy as a whole.
To calculate the tax, agricultural producers use the tax base of the Unified Agricultural Tax (Article 346.4, paragraph 1 of Article 346.6 of the Tax Code).
Who can be a UAT taxpayer
ESHN is paid by taxpayers (clause 1 of article 346.2 of the Tax Code) who:
- are organizations or individual entrepreneurs;
- are agricultural producers or are equated to agricultural producers;
- switched to ESHN.
What applies to agricultural products
Agricultural products include the types of products specified in Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 25, 2006 No. 458 (clause 3 of article 346.2 of the Tax Code):
- rural crop production;
- forest plant growing;
- animal husbandry (including products for rearing/growing fish and other aquatic biological resources).
Main types of agricultural products
| Cereals and leguminous crops |
|---|
| Industrial crops |
| Tuber, vegetable, melon crops and greenhouse products |
| Forage crops of field cultivation |
| Other fodder production |
| Products of orchards, vineyards, perennials and floriculture |
| Seeds of trees and shrubs, seeds in fruits |
| Seedlings of trees and shrubs |
| Tree and shrub seedlings |
| Livestock products |
| Pig products |
| Sheep and goat products |
| poultry products Products of horse breeding, donkeys and mules (including hinnies) |
| Reindeer and camel products |
| Products of rabbit breeding, fur farming, hunting |
| Products of fish farming, beekeeping, sericulture, artificial insemination |
| Other livestock products |
| Agricultural products |
| Commercial fish food products |
What products are equated to agricultural products
The following are equated to agricultural products (clause 3 of article 346.2 of the Tax Code):
- catches of aquatic biological resources, incl. fish and marine mammals referred to in paragraphs 4 and 5 of Art. 333.3 NC mined both within and outside the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation (under international treaties);
- fish and other products from catches of aquatic biological resources, incl. produced on fishing vessels outside the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation (under international agreements).
Criteria for referring to agricultural producers (payers of UAT)
For the application of UAT taxation, agricultural producers are recognized as entities that simultaneously meet the following criteria (clause 2 of article 346.2 of the Tax Code):
| 1 | The organization/entrepreneur produces agricultural products, processes (both primary processing of agricultural raw materials of own production and subsequent industrial processing are taken into account) and sells it; or The organization is a consumer agricultural cooperative under Federal Law No. 193 "On Agricultural Cooperation", engaged in processing, marketing, supply, gardening, horticulture, animal husbandry. |
|---|---|
| 2 | The share of income from the sale of agricultural products in the total income cannot be less than 70%. The calculation of income from the sale of agricultural products includes: - income from the sale of products of primary processing of agricultural products produced from agricultural raw materials of own production; - income from work performed, services for members of agricultural cooperatives. |
Which organizations are equated to agricultural producers
The taxation system for agricultural producers can also be applied by entities that meet all of the following criteria (clause 2.1, article 346.2 of the Tax Code):
| 1 | Fishery organizations, if they are city/village-forming organizations, with the number of employees - at least ½ of the population of the settlement (including family members living together with them) or agricultural production cooperatives, incl. fishing artels (collective farms) or - fishery organizations and entrepreneurs with an average number of employees - 300 people. in a year |
|---|---|
| 2 | The share of income from the sale of catches of aquatic biological resources, independently produced from them fish and other products, in the total income for the tax period is at least 70 percent |
| 3 | Fishing must be carried out on own vessels or used under charter agreements |
Agriculture in Russia- a set of interrelated industries specializing mainly in the production of raw materials for the food processing industry. Some of the branches of agriculture produce products that are already ready for consumption, further processing of which is not required in all cases. For example, these are the products of vegetable growing, horticulture, and dairy farming.
Agricultural goods are also in demand from a number of other industries that are not directly or indirectly related to food production. For example, agricultural products are actively used in the pharmaceutical, textile, and footwear industries. Some types of agricultural raw materials serve as the basis for the production of biofuels.
Agriculture in Russia is part of a larger intersectoral association - the agro-industrial complex (AIC), and is its key link. In addition to agriculture, the sectors of the agro-industrial complex include:
- food and processing industries;
- industries that provide agriculture with the means of production and material resources (for example, agricultural engineering, fertilizer and agricultural chemistry industries);
- infrastructure industries - a number of industries for servicing the above-mentioned industries of the agro-industrial complex (logistics services, financial services, training of qualified personnel, etc.).
A set of measures for state regulation of the branches of the agro-industrial complex can also be considered as a separate link in the agro-industrial complex. In recent years, it is the state regulation of the agro-industrial complex that has led to a steady increase in the production of most types of agricultural products, products of the food and processing industries in Russia.
Branches of agriculture in Russia
Agriculture in Russia, being part of a larger inter-industry association (AIC), in turn, is also divided into a number of industries:
Branches of crop production: industries for growing grain (wheat, barley, corn, rye, oats, rice, rye, triticale, millet, sorghum), legumes (peas, lentils, chickpeas, beans), oilseeds (sunflower, soybeans, rapeseed, camelina and etc.), potatoes and vegetables (onions, carrots, cabbage, beets, peppers, tomatoes, cucumbers, marrows, eggplants, radishes, turnips, other vegetables), fruits, forage grasses, industrial crops (such as cotton, hemp) and medicinal plants.
Livestock industries: branches of pig breeding, egg and meat poultry farming, dairy and beef cattle breeding (breeding of cattle of dairy and meat breeds), goat and sheep breeding, rabbit breeding, horse breeding, deer breeding, beekeeping.
Structure of agricultural production by sectors
The shares of crop and livestock industries in the total value of agricultural products in Russia are at approximately the same levels. According to the preliminary results of 2015, the share of crop production was at the level of 52.3% (2,637 billion rubles), the share of animal husbandry was 47.7% (2,400 billion rubles).
Agriculture in Russia - Regional Analysis
Leading regions in the production of agricultural products in Russia (TOP-10 in 2015): Krasnodar Territory, Rostov Region, Belgorod Region, Republic of Tatarstan, Voronezh Region, Stavropol Territory, Republic of Bashkortostan, Altai Territory, Volgograd Region and Tambov Region. In 2015, these regions accounted for 38.0% of all agricultural production in value terms.
Volume of agricultural production
Agriculture is one of the few sectors of the real sector of the economy that shows steady growth even in times of crisis.
It is worth noting that it is the crisis phenomena accompanied by the devaluation of the ruble, although they have some negative impact on the industry (rising prices for imported machinery and equipment, seeds for sowing, breeding stock), in general, contribute to the increase in agricultural production.
First, the weakening of the national currency leads to an increase in the cost of imported products in the domestic market, as a result of which import substitution is carried out in the market of agricultural raw materials and food.
Secondly, devaluation contributes to the growth of the competitiveness of Russian goods on world markets. Increasing the volume of external shipments stimulates the investment attractiveness of domestic production.
Example 1 The economic crisis of 1998, which was accompanied by a default, led to a significant increase in the cost of imported products in the domestic market, which increased the investment attractiveness of a number of agricultural sectors. Thus, since 1998 there has been a steady increase in the production of poultry meat. By 1997, the volume of poultry meat production in the Russian Federation fell to a minimum of 0.6 million tons in carcass weight (in 1991 it was about 1.8 million tons). The volume of imports exceeded 1.4 million tons. Already in 2004, in the conditions of growing investments in poultry farming, production volumes recovered to 1 million tons, imports decreased to 1.1 million tons. State regulation of meat imports (quotas), the launch of the PNP "Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex", the implementation of state programs for the development of agriculture, as well as the economic crises of 2008 (in 2009, compared to 2008, imports of poultry meat to the Russian Federation fell by 238 thousand tons ), 2014-2015, contributed to further growth in production. In 2015, production reached 4.5 million tons, imports fell to less than 0.3 million tons, poultry meat exports from Russia exceeded 60 thousand tons.
Example 2 The weakening of the ruble in 2015 led to a drop in the supply of vegetables to the Russian Federation. The total import of the main types of vegetables (tomatoes, onions, cabbage, carrots, cucumbers, sweet peppers, garlic, radishes, zucchini, eggplant, table beets) in 2015 decreased compared to 2014 by 30.8% or by 636 .7 thousand tons and amounted to 1432.0 thousand tons (volumes are presented without taking into account data on trade with Belarus and Kazakhstan). At the same time, the volume of production of open and protected ground vegetables in 2015 in the industrial sector of vegetable growing (agricultural organizations and farms, excluding households) amounted to 5,275.6 thousand tons, which is 13.3% or 620.5 thousand tons. tons more than in 2014.
Example 3 The devaluation of the ruble in 2015 increased the export supplies of Russian grain to foreign markets. Thus, the export of corn increased by 5.7% to 3,677.1 thousand tons, the export of barley increased by 31.2% to 5,258.4 thousand tons. There was no increase in wheat exports due to increased export duties.
Agricultural production in Russia at actual prices. The volume of agricultural production in all categories of Russian farms, according to preliminary data from Rosstat (analysis of data as of February 21, 2016), in 2015 in actual prices amounted to 5,037 billion rubles, which is 16.6% more than in 2014 year. For 5 years, in relation to 2010, the indicators increased by 94.7%, for 10 years - more than 3.6 times.
The increase in production is carried out mainly due to the industrial segment - agricultural organizations and peasant farms. The increase in volumes on the part of households is not so significant.
The production of agricultural products in the industrial segment in 2015 amounted to 3,103 billion rubles. Over the year, the indicators increased by 20.8%, over 5 years - by 132.0%, over 10 years - by 4.4 times.
Household households in 2015 produced agricultural products worth 1,934 billion rubles. Over the year, the indicators increased by 10.5% (below the inflation rate), over 5 years - by 54.7%, over 10 years - 2.8 times.
Agricultural production in Russia in 2015 prices. The agriculture of Russia in 2015, in relation to 2014, in 2015 prices shows an increase in indicators in value terms by 3.3%, while in the industrial sector the increase in the cost of manufactured products amounted to 7.0%, in the households there is a slight decrease - by 2.1%. Over 5 years, the total value of agricultural products in 2015 prices increased by 28.6%, over 10 years - by 47.4%. At the same time, in agricultural organizations and peasant farms over 5 years, the increase was 53.3%, over 10 years - 79.2%.
In the households of the population, a steady increase in indicators is not observed. The value of the products produced here reached the highest marks in 2011. Since then, figures in 2015 prices have declined by 5.0%.
The share of agriculture in Russia's GDP
Gross domestic product (GDP) in 2015, according to preliminary data from Rosstat, amounted to 80,412.5 billion rubles. The share of the value of agricultural products produced (in all categories of farms) in the total GDP in 2015, according to the calculations of AB-Center, was at the level of 6.3%. In relation to 2014, it changed towards an increase of 0.8 percentage points.
Prospects for the development of agriculture in Russia
Agriculture- an industry of strategic importance, the development of which is aimed not only at obtaining commercial profit, but also at ensuring Food and National Security.
By 2015, the indicators of food independence prescribed in the Doctrine of Food Security of the Russian Federation are provided for almost all types of agricultural goods. However, another equally important indicator - the economic availability of food for the population has not yet been fully achieved.
Main article - Food security
In most developed countries, the share of food expenditures in the family budget is at the level of 10-20%. As of 2014, in the US, according to the USDA, it was 6.5%, in the UK - 8.7%, in Switzerland - 8.9%, in Canada - 9.3%, in Australia - 9.9% , in Austria - 10.0%, in Germany - 10.6%, in Norway - 12.3%, in Japan - 13.5%, in France - 13.6%, in Italy - 14.2%, in Spain - 14.5%, Brazil - 15.6%, Uruguay - 18.3%, South Africa - 19.1%, Venezuela - 19.8%, Turkey - 21.6%, China - 25.5%, in India - 29.0%. In Russia, the share of household spending on food in the total family budget amounted to 29.4%.
On the whole, Russia's agriculture has emerged from a systemic crisis and has gone from complete decline in the mid-1990s. before reaching the first positions in the world in a number of indicators by 2015. At present, agriculture is one of the most investment-attractive sectors of the real sector of the Russian economy.
In the previous decade (2005-2015), import substitution of a number of food products (primarily meat) took place, as well as an increase in the export potential in the market of grain, oilseeds, oilseed products.
Import substitution in agriculture
Import substitution for most types of agricultural products has been generally achieved. In 2015, for the first time, the minimum food independence threshold for meat was exceeded. According to the Doctrine of Food Security of the Russian Federation, the self-sufficiency of the Russian Federation in meat should be at least 85%. In 2014, Russia's self-sufficiency in meat of all kinds, according to the calculations of the Expert and Analytical Center for Agribusiness "AB-Center", amounted to 84.8%, in 2015 it reached 89.7%. 10 years ago, the figures were 60.7%.
However, in 2014-2015 there is a decrease in consumption volumes (from 76.0 kg in 2013 to 72.2 kg in 2015), which is due both to a slight decrease in the real disposable income of the population, and to the fact that the volume of production growth is somewhat lower than the volume of import decline.
Against the background of a decrease in the volume of meat consumption in general, the consumption of poultry meat is growing. In 2015, per capita consumption reached 31.1 kg against 31.3 kg in 2014, 24.6 kg in 2010, and 18.9 kg in 2005. The increase in consumption was accompanied by a weakening of producer prices for this type of meat. In actual prices, there was an increase, but the increase in prices was significantly below the level of inflation.
There is a rather high dependence on imports in the vegetable market, especially in the off-season. In 2014-2016 there is a high investment activity in the vegetable growing industry. A number of projects for the construction of vegetable stores and winter greenhouses have been announced. It is expected that by 2018, in general, the country will be provided with the main types of vegetables of its own production.
The most difficult is the process of import substitution in the market of seeds for sowing (seed potatoes of a high degree of reproduction, elite seeds of vegetables, corn, sunflower), purebred pedigree cattle.
Export of agricultural products
The key driver for the development of Russian agriculture in the long term is transition from import substitution to export-oriented production. The saturation of the domestic market contributes to the weakening of prices and increases the competitiveness of goods in world markets. The transition to an export-oriented production of goods is currently observed in the most problematic products earlier in terms of dependence on imports. In 2015, the volume of exports of meat and offal from Russia reached 83.7 thousand tons, which is 6.3% more than in 2014. For 5 years the volumes have increased by 4.5 times. This is mainly poultry meat and pork by-products - the most competitive types of Russian-produced meat on the world market in terms of price.
As for grain, the problem of food dependence does not stand here. Russia, on the contrary, is one of the key exporters. In 2015, exports of all types of grain exceeded 30 million tons worth US$5.5 billion. Wheat, barley and corn are exported in the largest volumes. The increase in export volumes is facilitated by the growth of world demand, the development of logistics infrastructure, and the increase in fees in the Russian Federation.
The devaluation of the ruble in 2015 also contributed to the increase in export volumes, however, in terms of value in US dollars, the figures decreased.
Russia is also one of the leading suppliers of vegetable oils, oilseed meals to the world market, which is facilitated by both the growth in oilseed harvests and the development of the primary processing industry.
The export of sunflower oil from the Russian Federation in 2015, excluding supplies to the countries of the Customs Union of the EAEU, reached 1,237 thousand tons in the amount of 1,007 million US dollars, the export of rapeseed oil amounted to 263 thousand tons in the amount of 188.9 million US dollars, export soybean oil exceeded 432 thousand tons with a total value of 301 million US dollars.
Export of sunflower meal in 2015 amounted to 1,246 thousand tons for the amount of 251 million US dollars, soybean meal - Export of soybean meal reached 421 thousand tons for the amount of 199 million US dollars, rapeseed cake - 222 thousand tons for the amount of 53 million US dollars.
Russian goods in the face of growing global demand will be increasingly in demand. World trade in wheat for 10 years (from 2004 to 2014) increased from 98.1 million tons to 175.4 million tons, barley - from 23.1 to 33.6 million tons, corn - from 90.6 to 141, 9 million tons, sunflower oil - from 3.7 to 10.5 million tons.
Russia is one of the few countries in the world where there are significant reserves of land for expanding agricultural production. In addition, there is a significant backlog of intensive development, since in many respects (for example, milk yield per cow, crop yield per unit area), the agriculture of the Russian Federation still lags far behind countries with high-intensity farming (EU countries, Canada, USA) . In the context of a steady growth in the population of the Earth and an increase in demand for food in the world, the role of agriculture in the country's economy will increase.
"...3. For the purposes of this chapter, agricultural products include crop production of agriculture and forestry and (including those obtained as a result of growing and rearing fish and other aquatic biological resources), specific types of which are determined by the Government of the Russian Federation in accordance with the All-Russian Classifier At the same time, agricultural products include catches of aquatic biological resources, fish and other products from aquatic biological resources, which are specified in paragraphs 4 and 5 of Article 333.3 of this Code, as well as catches of aquatic biological resources harvested (caught) outside the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation in accordance with the international treaties of the Russian Federation in the field of fishing and the conservation of aquatic biological resources, fish and other products produced on the vessels of the fishing fleet from aquatic biological resources harvested (caught) outside the exclusive economy chesky zone of the Russian Federation in accordance with the international treaties of the Russian Federation in the field of fisheries and the conservation of aquatic biological resources ... "
Source:
"Tax Code of the Russian Federation (part two)" dated 05.08.2000 N 117-FZ (as amended on 03.12.2012)
"... Agricultural products - products obtained from (collected from) the biological assets of the enterprise ..."
Source:
International Financial Reporting (IAS) 41 "Agriculture" (as amended on July 18, 2012) (put into effect in the Russian Federation by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 25, 2011 N 160n)
Official terminology. Akademik.ru. 2012 .
See what "Agricultural products" is in other dictionaries:
agricultural products- — EN agricultural product The output of the cultivation of the soil. (Source: RRDA) Topics environmental protection EN… …
agricultural products- 3.11 agricultural products: Plant and livestock products obtained as a result of growing crops and breeding farm animals. Source: SP 105.13330.2012: Buildings and premises for ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
agricultural products- žemės ūkio produkcija statusas Aprobuotas sritis žemės ūkio ekonomika ir vadyba apibrėžtis Žemės ūkio produktai, taip pat perdirbamosios pramonės ir kitų įmonių bei individualią žemės ūkio veiklą vykdančių ūkio subjektų perdirbti žemės ūkio… … Lithuanian dictionary (lietuvių žodynas)
processed agricultural products- — EN processed agricultural produce Topics environmental protection EN processed agricultural produce DE… … Technical Translator's Handbook
products- n., f., use. comp. often Morphology: (no) what? products, why? products, (see) what? products than? products about what? about products; pl. what? products, (no) what? products, why? products, (see) what? products than? products, oh ... ... Dictionary of Dmitriev
PRODUCTS- PRODUCTS, and, wives. The totality of production products. Output. Agricultural item. High quality products. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
AGRICULTURAL POULTRY- poultry, chickens, ducks, turkeys, geese and other types of poultry bred for eggs and meat. Domestic chickens come from a wild banker's rooster. According to the nature of the main productivity, breeds of chickens are divided into egg, meat ... ... Veterinary Encyclopedic Dictionary
products- and; and. [lat. productio] The set of products produced by some l. enterprise, what l. branch of industry or the entire economy of the country in a certain period of time. Gross p. Annual p. Agricultural p. Industrial p. / About ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
products- and; and. (lat. Productio) a) The totality of products produced by some l. enterprise, what l. branch of industry or the entire economy of the country in a certain period of time. Gross output. Annual production. Agricultural… … Dictionary of many expressions
Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union- (CAP) Content 1 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 2 Overview of the CAP 3 Objectives ... Wikipedia
Books
- Farm fish farming for medium and small businesses. Textbook, Ponomarev Sergey Vladimirovich, Lagutkina Lina Yurievna. Recommended by the Educational and Methodological Association for Education in the Field of Fisheries at the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Kaliningradsky…
In developed countries, they have two categories. Distinguish between commodity and consumer types.
Agriculture is a system consisting of agricultural production, which is distinguished by a huge variety in agrarian relations, different volumes of agricultural products, different composition of the marketable and gross product, methods and methods of farming and animal husbandry.
Each developed state has already reached the highest level of development of this industry, which involves more than 1/5 of the economically active population, and the cost of this food product is already ¾.
Agriculture has certain activities. So, for example, commercial agriculture provides for the presence of intensive farming, with the turnover of seeds and fruits, as well as intensive forms of animal husbandry with fodder. In addition, various forms of horticulture and horticulture, as well as grazing should be present. Fundamental differences have consumer types of agriculture with the basis in the use of plow and hoe farming, cattle breeding of a semi-nomadic or nomadic nature. The methods of primitive gathering, as well as hunting and fishing, received great activity. These types are related to pasture animal husbandry. Any developed capitalist state cultivates a commercial agricultural type.
The scientific and technological revolution can be characterized by the introduction of a high level of chemicalization, microelectronics, automation and mechanization into the agricultural industry. Selection, genetics, biotechnologies have received the greatest distribution. The entire agro-industrial complex of developed countries has the form of agribusiness. This is the so-called small business, which contributes to a more active growth of this industry and consists in the production of agricultural products with the processing of produced food raw materials, their competent storage, transportation and marketing. The industrial character of this industry is given by the production of fertilizers and machinery.
In many developing countries of the world, the types of agriculture are closely intertwined; one can trace how consumer and commercial types coexist simultaneously. The commodity economy is represented by large plantations and farms, the production of which is oriented to the domestic market, but to a greater extent there is a predominance of exports of products abroad. The above type of economy is located directly in geographical areas with favorable climate conditions necessary for the cultivation of a particular crop. Despite the identification of both types, any developing country gravitates towards consumer varieties of agriculture, in which crop production predominates.
The small commodity sector consists of hundreds of millions of tiny farms, many of which grow consumer crops. A number of countries have experienced the so-called "green revolution", which has brought transformations and the active use of modern agricultural technology. This factor is a form of manifestation of the scientific revolution.
